![]() NBC will treat the crossover as one continuous show on screen, with no credits or opening titles at the top of the second and third hours. The nominal scheduling for the three shows is the reverse of their usual order, with Organized Crime leading off the night and SVU and L&O following. Christopher Meloni as Detective 1st Grade Elliot Stabler, a former Manhattan Special Victims Unit detective who returns to New York after retiring from the. If you can’t watch tonight’s event live, all three shows will be available for next-day streaming on NBC. In Season 9, Episode 19 ('Cold'), Novak is forced to leave the SVU after some fast and loose tactics caught up with her. “We couldn’t be more excited to open our season with such a historic event.” For the first time ever, Law & Order, SVU, and Organized Crime will all work one case. Slowly and surely, though, she became an integral squad member. ![]() “This unprecedented scheduling block is a tribute to all the Law & Order fans who’ve been watching this iconic brand for four decades on NBC,” said Lisa Katz, president scripted programming at NBCU Television and Streaming. Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and Detective Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) are called in to help when they realize they have more than a typical homicide case on their hands. After uncovering key evidence, Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) and ADA Nolan Price (Hugh Dancy) seek justice against an international crime ring, but complications threaten the case. Homicide Detective Frank Cosgrove (Jeffrey Donovan) teams up with Jalen Shaw (new L&O cast member Mehcad Brooks) to track down her killer. Capt. The two-hour Organized Crime, part of a SVU crossover, is a rough time for Stabler. So, to watch the crossover episodes in chronological order, you would start with the SVU/L&O two-parter from 1997, then watch the L&O: LA. ![]() The story begins with the death of a girl. “Rick and Gwen did an amazing job writing a compelling script, and I can’t think of a bigger and better way to launch the new season of Law & Order Thursday.” “Nothing demonstrates the power of the Law & Order brand more than an ambitious three-hour event with a story that is truly ripped from the headlines that starts on Organized Crime, then migrates to SVU and finally the trial on Law & Order,” Wolf said in a statement. The next Law & Order: SVU and Organized Crime crossover is so big, it’s going to take place over two weeks and it not only brings former partners Captain Olivia Benson ( Mariska Hargitay). 'Black Mirror' Season 6 Reveals Release Date, Episode Descriptions
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![]() This is the disintegration of the gel, which is accompanied by the weeping of liquid from it. ![]() After twenty four hours, gelatin will not set any further.īe aware that freezing gelatin will cause syneresis upon thawing. How to make panna cotta (classic panna cotta recipe) Pour some water into a small bowl, and sprinkle gelatin over it. Do not add chilled liquids or mixtures to gelatin after it is dissolved or it will cause uneven setting.ģ Leaves Gelatin to 2 cups/500ml Liquid = Delicate Gelĭesserts made with gelatin should chill for at least eight hours, but twenty four hours is best. 4970 (1.41 / Ounce) 9.95 delivery Monday, June 26. Once melted, gelatin is stirred into a warm or room temperature base mixture. Bloomed gelatin is melted over low heat or a hot water bath. Heat the mixture, stirring until the gelatin is dissolved. These silver gelatin sheets require complete submersion in water during the blooming process and must be squeezed to force out excess water before use. These professional quality strips are perfect for creating sweet or savory glazes, creams, gummies, sauces, jellies, sauces, and more. Heavier than gold grade, silver leaf gelatin comes in paper-thin sheets, and makes a jelly that is used for giving firmness to mousses, charlottes and other. (Use about 1 cup/250ml of cold water per sheet.)Ģ.Once soft, lift sheets from the cold water.Ĥ.Add sheets to room temperature liquid called for in the recipe. Champion silver gelatine sheets are easy to use, unflavored leaves made from non-GMO pork collagen. Many people prefer gelatin sheets as they provide a very clear, transparent, clean, tasteless set in your desserts. Rather than a powder, its shapes are thin sheets or leaves.ġ.Soak gelatin sheets in a bowl of cold/iced water for 5 to 10 minutes. Gelatin sheets use warm water Gelatin sheets, which are sometimes also called gelatin leaves, come from dried gelatin that is in the form of a flat sheet. Professional chefs prefer leaf/sheet gelatine because it makes a clearer product with purer flavor and is easier to use. It is unflavored and can be used in both sweet and savory dishes. To make a vegetarian panna cotta, we substitute 0.8 g agar and 0.65 g xanthan for the 4.3 g gelatin the recipe normally calls for.Gelatin Leaf, also called Gelatin Sheet, works as granular gelatin, but in a different form. Description PerfectaGel is Super Premium Leaf Gelatine made in Germany. ![]() For example, if a recipe calls for 2.6 g of Knox gelatin, you could use 3.7 g of silver gelatin, which has a Bloom strength of 160 (2.6 × 225 ÷ 160 = 3.7). We also recommend purchasing gelatin from WillPowder or get larger quantities at. has great service and are really good to work with (because of this, we do have an affiliate relationship with them). You can convert the recipe to use whatever gelatin you have on hand if you know the weight (MA) and Bloom strength (BA).įor gelatin A, you can find the equivalent weight of gelatin B (MB) with a Bloom strength of BB by using the formula MB = MA × BA ÷ BB. Top We often suggest Modernist Pantrys silver gelatin, but they have many other kinds as well. If you are making a recipe (not just one of ours, but any recipe), be it a Jell-O wreath or a pâté, you can use a different Bloom strength than what the recipe calls for, but you’ll have to do a little math. Silver Gelatin (Organic Silver Gelatin) 0.5-8: 170: 2.5g: Cold: 95F-104F (35-40C) 59F (15C) 5-9ph: Description: Silver is the most common type of gelatin. Gelatins are measured by what is called their Bloom strength (usually labeled as bronze, silver, gold, or platinum). You can successfully substitute sheet gelatine for powdered gelatin in any recipe by using a rule of thumb of 1 sheet per 1/2 cup of liquid. You can successfully substitute sheet gelatin for powdered gelatin inĪny recipe by using the following scaling.ġ (0.25 oz.) envelope granulated gelatin = 1 tablespoon powderedĪnd so one sheet of leaf gelatin would correspond to ~1 teaspoon (5 ml) of powdered gelatin.Īnd a bit extra info from Modernist Cuisine According to Modernist Pantry and thanks to SAJ14SAJ: As of 2017, the Sendero village and the Gavilan senior housing developments have been completed. Portico is a collection of single-level flats at Rienda located in the Rancho Mission Viejo masterplan. Forster's brother-in-law was Po Pico, governor of then-Mexican-held California. ![]() Construction on the San Clemente health center is underway, and will begin in the fall of 2023 for the hospital tower and Rancho Mission Viejo health center. Dishwasher Before that, she was a breaking news reporter for Florida Today and Treasure Coast Newspapers. Forster added these properties to Rancho Trabuco, which he had purchased in 1843. In Fall 2015, the new community of Esencia celebrated the grand opening of its first 12 neighborhoods as well as host of community amenities. Refrigerator Kitchen Every week, we showcase select homes. The oldest, Anthony "Tony" Moiso, newly graduated from college and fresh out of the U.S. Dishwasher Apply to multiple properties within minutes. ![]() Specialties: Peace of mind is what true freedom is all about. Skip the hassle of listing, months of showing and juggling double mortgages. Our coaches compete professionally and our lead coach, Billy is ranked #6 nationally in Senior Mens 40s and Our coaches offer firm foundations, strong technique and a springboard into competitive tennis. Welcome Home Center at 1101 Lasso Way, Rancho Mission Viejo, CA 92694. Explore plans offered at Rancho Mission Viejo. There's a lot to learnand were happy to get you more info right away. ![]() Gradually whisk 1 cup of the hot broth mixture into the yolks to temper them. When the broth mixture is done, in a medium bowl, whisk the egg yolks. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the bread is browned and crisp, 8 to 10 minutes. While the broth mixture cooks, in a 12-inch skillet over medium, combine the remaining 3 tablespoons oil, the remaining bread, the scallion greens, and ½ teaspoon each salt and pepper. Whisk vigorously to ensure the bread has fully broken down. Reduce to medium-low and cook, whisking occasionally to break up the bread, for 15 minutes. Stir in the broth, then bring to a simmer over medium-high. Add 1 cup of the bread cubes and stir well. In a medium saucepan over medium-low, combine 3 tablespoons oil, the scallion whites, and garlic cook, stirring occasionally, until beginning to color, 8 to 10 minutes.Īdd both paprikas and cook, stirring, until fragrant and darkened, 30 seconds. And instead of using stale bread, we turned a loaf of rustic sourdough (a baguette or any crusty loaf will do) into delicious croutons.Ħ tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided, plus more to serveġ bunch scallions, thinly sliced, whites and greens reserved separatelyĦ ounces sourdough or other rustic bread, cut into ½-inch cubes (about 4 cups), divided So we boosted the flavor by using chicken broth instead of water, and we sautéed both sweet and smoked paprika with garlic and scallions. For our version, we realized the bread, garlic, and smoked paprika we had in our cupboards weren’t up to Andrés’ standards. Add some water and simmer, then off heat whisk in four or five eggs. His approach: garlic cooked in copious amounts of olive oil with thinly sliced stale bread and several tablespoons of smoked paprika. José Andrés taught us this “end of month” recipe - the sort of meal to make quickly with whatever is on hand. Taste and season with salt and black pepper. If the mixture is too thick, stir in additional broth a few teaspoons at a time to thin. ![]() Measure 1 cup of the sauce and add to the chicken along with the lemon juice toss. Shred the chicken into bite-size pieces, discarding the skin and bones. With the blender running on high, stream in about ¼ cup broth and puree until the mixture is smooth and has the consistency of pourable yogurt leave the sauce in the blender and set aside. Start the blender, then remove the center cap on the blender lid. Measure 3 tablespoons walnuts and set aside for garnish add the remainder to the blender. Using tongs or a slotted spoon, lower each slice of bread into the broth just until fully moistened using your hands, gently squeeze to remove excess liquid and add the bread to the blender. Transfer the garlic cloves to a blender jar discard the remaining solids. While the chicken cools, strain the broth through a fine-mesh sieve set over a medium bowl. Using tongs, transfer the chicken to a large plate set aside until cool enough to handle. Bring to a simmer over medium-high, then cover, reduce to low and cook, occasionally turning the chicken, until the thickest part of the largest breast (if using) reaches 160 degrees, 20 to 25 minutes, or the thickest part of the largest thigh (if using) reaches 175 degrees, 25 to 30 minutes. In a large pot, combine the chicken, onion, garlic, parsley sprigs, 1½ teaspoons salt, ½ teaspoon black pepper, and 7 cups water. Pour on the sauce and sprinkle with the cilantro.ġ tablespoon salted butter, cut into 2 piecesġ tablespoon Aleppo pepper or 2 teaspoons sweet paprika Return it to the platter, along with the bones (if desired). Cut the meat from the bone and thinly slice it. ![]() Remove and discard the oregano, then taste and season with salt and pepper whisk in the remaining 1 tablespoon olive oil. Add the orange and lime juices along with the accumulated pork juice, then bring to a simmer and cook, scraping up any browned bits, until the mixture is slightly thickened, 3 to 5 minutes. Add the cumin and oregano, then cook, stirring, until fragrant, 30 to 60 seconds. ![]() Add the onion and garlic cook, stirring often, until softened and beginning to brown, 3 to 4 minutes. In the now-empty skillet over medium-high, heat 1 tablespoon olive oil until shimmering. Transfer to a platter and tent with foil. Using tongs, flip the chops and cook until well browned on the second sides and the thickest parts not touching bone register 135 degrees, 7 to 8 minutes. Add the chops, reduce to medium and cook until well browned on the bottoms, 7 to 8 minutes. In a 12-inch skillet over medium-high, heat the neutral oil until barely smoking. Season the pork chops on both sides with salt and pepper. 1/3 cup lightly packed fresh cilantro, chopped ![]() For Red sockets use gems with the Bold prefix, for Yellow use gems with strength and/or hit rating. To activate the meta socket use a prismatic gem in a blue socket. The best gems for Frost and Unholy Death Knights are always going to be Strength gems. Frost DK's will be seen a lot more often in early phases and Unholy DK's in later phases due to the nature of their talents scaling with gear.įrost DK's excel at front-loaded burst Area of Effect damage with Howling Blast, whereas Unholy DK's excel at longer sustained AoE damage with their stronger diseases Death and Decay.īoth specializations prioritize the same stats on the gear that they are choosing to equip. In WoW Classic: WotLK, their performance is expected to be at the top of DPS tier lists.īoth specializations are seen as viable in all forms of content. ![]() The two specializations considered to be best for high damage were Frost and Unholy. There are a few choices in each category as some may be harder to obtain than others and the differences are often minor depending on your current gear and stat priorities.ĭeath Knights were the first new hero class in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King. In the sections below, we list out the best options for each item slot to maximize damage for both Frost and Unholy specializations. That way you don’t have to worry about “loosing” out when moving and absorbing souls.We've found the best gear that players can equip for Death Knights in WotLK Classic. But merely “absorbing” the souls would passively empower other things. Really, it would just make make using Soul Cleave actually gather up and use the souls into its attack.
![]() He currently practices at University of Miami Hospital and Clinics and is affiliated with Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center. Raskin enjoys amateur bird watching, art, and culture with his wife. Jeffrey Raskin, MD is a gastroenterology specialist in Miami, FL. Raskin’s career goals include promotion to full professor of neurological surgery, maximizing the national and international reputation of neurosurgical care at Lurie Children’s, and serving the profession of neurological surgery through national representation. Raskin is a member of American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, American Association of Pediatrics, American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery, North American Neuromodulation Society and associate editor of Operative Neurosurgery. He maintains specific interests in functional neurosurgery in children and serves as Director of Functional Neurosurgery at Lurie Children’s. Jeffrey B Raskin on phone number (305) 585-1111 for more information and advice or to book an appointment. Register and submit your questions TODAY Register here: /form/DmSqAg. ![]() Jerry is predeceased by his father, Nate Raskin. He completed residency in the department of neurological surgery at Oregon Health & Science University and fellowship training in pediatric neurosurgery at Texas Children’s Hospital. Registration is still open for Thursdays AskTheExpert featuring, pediatric neurosurgeon, Dr. Jerold Jerry Raskin Raskin, Jerold 'Jerry' age 62, of Minneapolis passed away January 3, 2021. ![]() Raskin MS, MD, FAAP, FAANS is an assistant professor and board certified pediatric neurosurgeon. Raskin enjoys puzzling, kayaking, and amateur bird watching with his wife Tia Raskin.Jeffrey S. Raskin’s career goals include promotion to full professor of neurological surgery, maximizing the national and international reputation of neurosurgical care at Lurie Children’s Hospital, and serving the profession of neurological surgery through national representation. Raskin is a member of AANS, CNS, AAP, ASPN, and NANS and associate editor of Operative Neurosurgery. Raskin, MS, MD, FAANS is a pediatric neurosurgeon in Westmont, IL specializing in pediatric neurosurgery. ![]() He maintains specific interests in functional neurosurgery in children and serves as director of functional neurosurgery in children at Lurie Children’s Hospital. He specializes in treating the esophagus, swallowing disorders, Hepatitis, internal bleeding. Jeffrey Leonard, MD, is chief of the Section of Neurosurgery at. He completed residency in the department of neurological surgery at Oregon Health & Science University and fellowship training in pediatric neurosurgery at Texas Children’s Hospital. Raskin specializes in vast areas in gastroenterology. Colon Cancer Awareness Month Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Fatty Liver Disease Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) FAQ English. 700 Childrens Dr Columbus, OH 43205 (map). Lurie Children’s Hospital and clinical assistant professor of neurological surgery at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jeffrey Raskin is the member of many international affiliations. He /she is serving as an editorial member and reviewer of several international reputed journals. His research interests includes Medicine. 62 Berens Dr, Kentfield, CA 94904 Single Family, Attached Garage, 2 spaces. 9225 Kennedy Blvd Suite D, North Bergen, NJ 07047-5322. Jeffrey Raskin is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Department of Medicine, Miami VA Medical Center, USA. Three persons, including Jeffrey Raskin, Jeffrey S Raskin, Maxwell Raskin. Raskin is a board-certified pediatric neurosurgeon at Ann & Robert H. Jeffrey M Raskin on phone number (201) 868-2849 for more information and advice or to book an appointment. ![]() You can find all the items by searching for COLDBREW or Pierisim ).All the items are base game except for the espresso bar, and the cake stand that are Get to Work and Get Together compatible :).This new set is composed of 14 new items, with a lot of swatches to make the coffee shop of your dreams! Again, don’t hesitate to tag me when you post some builds, I’d love to see your builds! □ I hope you’ll understand and I thank you for your patience ❤️ ![]() 3 Hello helloHere’s the last part of the Coldbrew Coffee Shop ! I apologize for being very late. Thank you all for supporting our custom content and have fun building with the new objects! ❤️❤️ĭOWNLOAD (Early access) pierisim download maxis match ts4 ts4 cc maxis match pierisim ts4cc pierisim cc ts4 maxis match ts4 download ts4 finds ts4 cc finds s4ccfinds s4mm ts4 cc ts4 custom content s4 ts4cc maxis match s4 maxis match mmccfinds s4cc sims4cc sims 4 wedding charlypancakes You can prepare yourself for more collabs in the future! ![]() We had a great time working together and really hope you like what we came up with. Included in this pack are many options for your sims to sit down (which we all know isn’t their biggest talent - but at least the have the opportunity to do so), a modular party tent with many possibilities that you can fit to the size that is suitable for your event, many candles and flowers to get the amount of romance your Sims need for an important day in their life and much more. Even a more simple wedding in the backyard would fit the theme of the items we made pretty well! And because weddings only happen once in a while, we tried to make the items also suitable for your regular residential homes as well. For the design choice we tried to make a versatile set that works for rustic weddings in the countryside as well as for a boho inspired beach wedding. We have been wanting to do a collaboration together for quite some time now and the Wedding stories pack was a perfect opportunity for us to work on a custom content set together for the first time. * helped by a scan from Thomas Flinn on sketchfab for the statue*ĭOWNLOAD pierisim download maxis match ts4 ts4cc ts4 cc maxis match pierisim ts4 maxis match pierisim cc ts4 download ts4 finds ts4 cc finds s4ccfinds s4mm ts4 cc s4 ts4 custom content ts4cc maxis match s4 maxis match sims4cc mmccfinds s4ccĬharly Pancakes and I have worked on a special project together that we want to share with you now. Thank you for your kindness and your support □ Some items share the same textures so make sure to have the packages finishing by “texture” in your mod folder :).You can find the items by searching for MCM or Pierisim in game. ![]() You will have 23 new items to play around with your living room, with matching wood tones and a new marble texture! This part may include some of my fav items I’ve made (especially the dinning chair haha) so I hope you gonna like this part and build with it!! It’s also has a sparks screen for the fireplace, but little thing about this, I didn’t find any way to remove the fact it can start fire, and I’m so so bad at changing tunning or I don’t know what coming too far into code, so be careful, as long as I playtested items it didn’t start any fire, but it still can be more dangerous than it should haha! Here comes to second part of the MCM House, the living room as you may have seen on the wip! ![]() ![]() Launching Xcode If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. Latest commit 7f8a Feb 5, Currently doesn't play well with our injector either so that will need to be ironed out. You signed in with another tab or window.RuneLite is free, open-source and super fast. Integrates with Discord's Rich Presence to display what you're doing in the game and allows to form in-game parties.Ī Custom Cursor plugin has been added which, when enabled, allows you to change your cursor when hovering the client to one of a number of iconic RuneScape cursors, including the RS3 gold and silver cursors, a trout, and the iconic dragon scimitar. Thanks to Kruithne and Trevor for making this happen! Have you ever confused your herbs, seeds, or tree saplings? We've added an Item Identification plugin to help combat that. When enabled, it will overlay the name or abbreviated name on the item when in most non-bank interfaces. Thanks to Hydro圆 for adding this feature. RuneLite RuneLite is free, open-source and super fast. ![]() Latest commit: notifier: Log notifications to console in debug mo Features See all features Discord integration Integrates with Discord's Rich Presence to display what you're doing in the game and allows to form in-game parties. Loot Tracker Shows kill count and drops with prices from monsters you kill. Status widgets Shows boost timers, enemy HP, and other useful overlays.OS Buddy pro unlocks unrivaled graphics, premium features, and unparallelled performance. By purchasing OSBuddy pro you are agreeing to our licencerefund policyand privacy policy. Quick Hop Allows you to seamlessly hop between worlds. ![]() In some EU countries, the curb weight also includes the weight of a 75 kg (165 lb) driver. kerb weight) is the EV mass with standard equipment, liquids (oils and fuel at nominal tank capacity) but without cargo and passengers. ![]() The available space for cargo in the secondary trunk, usually positioned in the front of the electric car.Ĭurb weight (a.k.a. The available space for cargo in the main trunk, excluding the additional available space from folding one or two rear seat rows. If the difference between the shoulder and the hip room is more than 5 inches (125 mm), their average is used for the multiplication. The rear passenger volume can be calculated in the same way. The front passenger volume is calculated by multiplying the front headroom, legroom and shoulder room. This is the sum of the front and rear passenger volumes. The distance available for the legs of the rear passengers. The distance available for the legs of the driver and the front passenger. The width of the seat cushion on the back, which indicates how much space is available for the passengers on either side of their waists. The width of the front seats of the car, which indicates how much space is available for the driver and passenger on either side of their waists when they sit down. The horizontal distance between the panels of the two rear doors. The horizontal distance between the panels of the two front doors. The vertical distance from the vehicle's roof to the rear seats bottom. The vertical distance from the vehicle's roof to the front seats bottom. The ground clearance is also known as ride height. The distance from the ground to the lowest point of the vehicle measured without cargo or passengers. The distance between the centers (centerline) of the two wheels on the rear axle. The distance between the centers (centerline) of the two wheels on the front axle. The distance between the centers of the front and rear axle. The distance from the ground to the top of the electric car. The width of the vehicle with folded mirrors included. The width of the vehicle with unfolded mirrors included. The width of the vehicle without mirrors. The distance from the frontmost to the rearmost point of the electric vehicle. Depending on the model, the seats can be five, six, seven or other. Number of seats inclduing the driver and passenger ones. Depending on the body style, the doors can be two, four, etc. Materials used in the vehicle's body construction.Īvailable exterior colors for the model as specified by the manufacturer.Īvailable interior colors for the model as specified by the manufacturer. The body style of the model as defined by the number of doors and roof treatment. Information about the EV body style, dimensions, clearance, volumes, curb weight, GVWR. For example, a battery rated at 100 kWh will need 12.5 hours to recharge fully using an 8.0-kW charger.Body style, dimensions, volumes, weights. Given those assumptions, the value provided is simply the battery's capacity divided by the onboard charger's power rating. Unlike mpg, however, where a larger number is better (for example, a vehicle that gets 30 mpg is better than one that gets 20 mpg), a smaller number is better in kWh/100 miles because you are using less battery energy per mile.ĮPA time to charge battery (at 240V) This can be tough to pin down, but we assume for simplicity that the 240V power source will enable the vehicle's onboard charger to operate at full capacity, and that the battery is fully depleted and will be recharged to 100%. ![]() Just like regular MPG shows how far a car will travel on one gallon of gas, MPGe shows how far a vehicle will drive on 33.7 kWh of electricity - the energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline.ĮPA combined MPGe A combined total of 45% city MPGe + 55% highway MPGeĮPA electricity range This value is the estimated number of miles that a vehicle can travel in combined city and highway driving (using a mix of 55% highway and 45% city driving) before needing to be recharged, according to the EPA's testing methodology.ĮPA kWh/100 mi This value tells you how much energy in kilowatt-hours a vehicle would use to travel 100 miles. EPA city/highway MPGe MPGe is the official metric that the EPA uses to measure the efficiency of alternative-fuel (including electric) vehicles. Lead author Daniel Green examines fossil material from Kenya’s Turkana Basin.Īnother key finding of the team’s research is that studies of oxygen isotopes in fossil hominins-our ancestors-have thus far underestimated the chemical variations in their teeth. “Oxygen isotope compositions from Afropithecus and closely associated herbivores suggest that ape behavior and anatomy in this part of eastern Africa were shaped by seasonal environments long before the origin of hominins.” “The effects of climate variation on the earliest African apes are poorly understood, because detailed records of seasonal variation from this early period, the Miocene, are more sparse,” said Green. These results also suggested that specialized jaw adaptations-thick enamel and strong chewing muscles-would have helped Afropithecus consume hard foods during seasons of drought or resource scarcity. ![]() The researchers showed that the ancient apes experienced dry and wet seasons of variable intensity over time, possibly influenced by natural changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun. With the context provided by modern primates, the authors then analyzed teeth from Afropithecus found at a site called Kalodirr, and compared their results with 17 million-year-old rainfall patterns simulated by climate models. Working with primatologists, the researchers were able to ascertain that the teeth were forming when these climatic events occurred. ![]() Measurements from modern monkey teeth recorded an extended drought in one case in Ethiopia, and an extreme rainfall event in another case in Uganda. In the modern teeth, the researchers found that teeth could even indicate human alterations to the natural landscape, like the damming of a river, and document specific meteorological events. The arid, fossil-rich landscape of Kalodirr in the Turkana Basin region of Kenya, was once the forest home of the ancient ape Afropithecus 17 million years ago. The team, led by Daniel Green, a postdoctoral scientist at Columbia University’s Climate School, and Tanya Smith of Australia’s Griffith University, found that the modern oxygen isotopes (natural variants of oxygen that differ by mass) recorded details of rainy seasons and droughts, environmental conditions like altitude and vegetation, and variations in primate behavior. To put the fossils into context, the researchers also measured oxygen isotopes in modern primate teeth from across equatorial Africa, and analyzed the isotopic signals they produced. The research was just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, These included teeth from an enigmatic large-bodied ape known as Afropithecus turkanensis. ![]() The study examined oxygen isotopes in teeth from a 17-million-year-old site in northwest Kenya’s Turkana Basin. An international team of scientists has shown in a new study that fossil primate teeth can offer insights into the roles seasonal climates and behaviors may have played in human and primate evolution. |
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